Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent and deadly types of cancer worldwide. Its incidence has been increasing, influenced by an ageing population, poor dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles. Despite high cure rates when detected early, diagnosis often occurs at advanced stages, limiting therapeutic efficacy and reducing survival rates. Computed tomography colonography, also known as virtual colonoscopy, is a non-invasive alternative to conventional colonoscopy. This technique enables three-dimensional reconstruction of the colon, providing detailed visualisation of the colonic mucosa and facilitating the detection of polyps and other suspicious lesions.

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Home / Publications / Publication

Realidade virtual na Colonografia

Publication type: Article Summary
Original title: Controlling Camera Movement in VR Colonography
Article publication date: January 2022
Source: Virtual Reality
Authors: Soraia Paulo, Daniel Medeiros, Daniel Lopes & Joaquim Jorge

What is the goal, target audience, and areas of digital health it addresses?
     The study aims to evaluate and compare the impact of different camera control techniques on lesion detection and navigation efficiency during colonography in immersive virtual reality environments. The target audience includes healthcare professionals, namely radiologists and clinicians involved in computed tomography colonography, as well as researchers in the fields of medical imaging, human-computer interaction and digital technologies applied to health. The work falls within the field of digital health, with an emphasis on virtual reality applied to medical image-based diagnosis, user-centred computing, and the development of tools to support early detection and screening of colorectal cancer.

What is the context?
     Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent and deadly types of cancer worldwide. Its incidence has been increasing, influenced by an ageing population, poor dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles. Despite high cure rates when detected early, diagnosis often occurs at advanced stages, limiting therapeutic efficacy and reducing survival rates.

     Computed tomography colonography, also known as virtual colonoscopy, is a non-invasive alternative to conventional colonoscopy. This technique enables three-dimensional reconstruction of the colon, providing detailed visualisation of the colon mucosa (large intestine) and facilitating the detection of polyps and other suspicious lesions.

     However, interpreting the images remains a technical and cognitive challenge. The colon anatomy, characterised by multiple curvatures and folds, can compromise the complete visibility of the intestinal wall, leading to potential detection failures. In addition, analysis in two-dimensional interfaces reduces spatial perception and increases cognitive load, highlighting the need for more intuitive, accurate and efficient technological solutions.

What are the current approaches?
     Currently, virtual colonography is performed on conventional workstations, where radiologists analyse three-dimensional reconstructions from CT images. Navigation is performed in a two-dimensional environment using a mouse, keyboard, and monitor, simulating a virtual journey through the interior of the colon.

     Among the most common camera control techniques are the Fly-Through approach, which simulates a continuous internal journey along the lumen, the Fly-Over technique, which provides an external view of the organ with a broader perspective, and the Unfolded View, which allows the colon surface to be flattened for linear and continuous reading. Although effective, these approaches have limitations, namely greater cognitive load, dependence on two-dimensional interfaces, and the possibility of omitting anomalies in areas that are difficult to access visually.

     In this context, virtual reality emerges as a natural evolution of these methodologies, allowing immersive and interactive navigation up to three dimensions, promoting more intuitive and realistic exploration, increasing anatomical perception, visual coverage and, potentially, diagnostic accuracy.

What does innovation consist of? How is the impact of this study assessed?
     The innovation in this study consisted of introducing and evaluating the Elevator technique, designed specifically for colonography in immersive virtual reality. This approach was developed to resolve the discrepancy often observed between the user’s actual orientation and the camera’s orientation in the virtual environment, a problem that can compromise spatial perception and navigation fluidity. By continuously aligning the virtual orientation with the user’s physical posture, the Elevator technique promotes a more intuitive and natural exploration of the colon lumen, keeping the user oriented towards the walls in ascending and descending segments and ensuring a more coherent transition between anatomical changes.

     In addition to introducing this technique, the study was also innovative in that it transferred traditional colonography navigation methodologies, such as Fly-Through and Fly-Over, to an immersive context. Additionally, the work stands out for its systematic comparison of the three techniques, filling a gap in the literature, which until now has rarely addressed the impact of camera control in virtual reality environments applied to clinical practice.

     The impact assessment combined objective and subjective measures. Efficiency was analysed based on task execution time, and effectiveness was analysed based on the detection rate of simulated marks representing lesions, with data processed using non-parametric statistical tests. This quantitative analysis was complemented by usability questionnaires and the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, ensuring control of factors such as disorientation and visual discomfort. Finally, interviews were conducted with senior radiologists reinforced the clinical relevance of the research, emphasising that, in the medical context, diagnostic accuracy prevails over navigation speed, thus validating the potential of virtual reality as a support tool in the early detection and screening of colorectal cancer.

What are the main results? What is the future of this approach?
     The results showed clear differences between the techniques evaluated. Fly-Over had the highest lesion detection rate, with a median of 89.47%, indicating that a broader perspective perpendicular to the colon walls favours the identification of simulated marks, even in more complex anatomical areas. However, this technique involved a longer average navigation time, approximately 305.53 seconds, reflecting a trade-off between accuracy and operational efficiency.

     The Fly-Through technique achieved a slightly lower detection rate (79.47%), but stood out for its greater time efficiency, with an average time of 273.91 seconds, and was considered by participants to be the most intuitive and least disorienting approach. The Elevator technique, although conceptually promising, by aligning the virtual orientation with the user’s actual posture, recorded the least favourable overall performance, with a median detection rate of 76.84% and the longest navigation time (322.13 seconds), reflecting the challenges of the first iterations of this approach.

     The radiologists consulted emphasised that, in the clinical context, diagnostic accuracy takes priority over examination time, especially in the screening and early detection of colorectal cancer. Thus, a technique such as Fly-Over, although slower, can offer relevant clinical benefits in scenarios with high diagnostic demands.

     Regarding the future of this line of research, the study points to the development of hybrid systems that combine the efficiency of Fly-Through with the detection capability of Fly-Over, optimising spatial interaction and user comfort. Integration with artificial intelligence for assisted lesion detection is also envisaged, as well as large-scale validation with specialists and application in real training and clinical practice contexts. These results reinforce that virtual reality applied to colonography is not a futuristic scenario, but an emerging technology with concrete potential to transform diagnosis and training in medical imaging.

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Home / Publications / Publication

Realidade virtual na Colonografia

Publication type: Article Summary
Original title: Controlling Camera Movement in VR Colonography
Article publication date: January 2022
Source: Virtual Reality
Authors: Soraia Paulo, Daniel Medeiros, Daniel Lopes & Joaquim Jorge

What is the goal, target audience, and areas of digital health it addresses?
     The study aims to evaluate and compare the impact of different camera control techniques on lesion detection and navigation efficiency during colonography in immersive virtual reality environments. The target audience includes healthcare professionals, namely radiologists and clinicians involved in computed tomography colonography, as well as researchers in the fields of medical imaging, human-computer interaction and digital technologies applied to health. The work falls within the field of digital health, with an emphasis on virtual reality applied to medical image-based diagnosis, user-centred computing, and the development of tools to support early detection and screening of colorectal cancer.

What is the context?
     Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent and deadly types of cancer worldwide. Its incidence has been increasing, influenced by an ageing population, poor dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles. Despite high cure rates when detected early, diagnosis often occurs at advanced stages, limiting therapeutic efficacy and reducing survival rates.

     Computed tomography colonography, also known as virtual colonoscopy, is a non-invasive alternative to conventional colonoscopy. This technique enables three-dimensional reconstruction of the colon, providing detailed visualisation of the colon mucosa (large intestine) and facilitating the detection of polyps and other suspicious lesions.

     However, interpreting the images remains a technical and cognitive challenge. The colon anatomy, characterised by multiple curvatures and folds, can compromise the complete visibility of the intestinal wall, leading to potential detection failures. In addition, analysis in two-dimensional interfaces reduces spatial perception and increases cognitive load, highlighting the need for more intuitive, accurate and efficient technological solutions.

What are the current approaches?
     Currently, virtual colonography is performed on conventional workstations, where radiologists analyse three-dimensional reconstructions from CT images. Navigation is performed in a two-dimensional environment using a mouse, keyboard, and monitor, simulating a virtual journey through the interior of the colon.

     Among the most common camera control techniques are the Fly-Through approach, which simulates a continuous internal journey along the lumen, the Fly-Over technique, which provides an external view of the organ with a broader perspective, and the Unfolded View, which allows the colon surface to be flattened for linear and continuous reading. Although effective, these approaches have limitations, namely greater cognitive load, dependence on two-dimensional interfaces, and the possibility of omitting anomalies in areas that are difficult to access visually.

     In this context, virtual reality emerges as a natural evolution of these methodologies, allowing immersive and interactive navigation up to three dimensions, promoting more intuitive and realistic exploration, increasing anatomical perception, visual coverage and, potentially, diagnostic accuracy.

What does innovation consist of? How is the impact of this study assessed?
     The innovation in this study consisted of introducing and evaluating the Elevator technique, designed specifically for colonography in immersive virtual reality. This approach was developed to resolve the discrepancy often observed between the user’s actual orientation and the camera’s orientation in the virtual environment, a problem that can compromise spatial perception and navigation fluidity. By continuously aligning the virtual orientation with the user’s physical posture, the Elevator technique promotes a more intuitive and natural exploration of the colon lumen, keeping the user oriented towards the walls in ascending and descending segments and ensuring a more coherent transition between anatomical changes.

     In addition to introducing this technique, the study was also innovative in that it transferred traditional colonography navigation methodologies, such as Fly-Through and Fly-Over, to an immersive context. Additionally, the work stands out for its systematic comparison of the three techniques, filling a gap in the literature, which until now has rarely addressed the impact of camera control in virtual reality environments applied to clinical practice.

     The impact assessment combined objective and subjective measures. Efficiency was analysed based on task execution time, and effectiveness was analysed based on the detection rate of simulated marks representing lesions, with data processed using non-parametric statistical tests. This quantitative analysis was complemented by usability questionnaires and the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, ensuring control of factors such as disorientation and visual discomfort. Finally, interviews were conducted with senior radiologists reinforced the clinical relevance of the research, emphasising that, in the medical context, diagnostic accuracy prevails over navigation speed, thus validating the potential of virtual reality as a support tool in the early detection and screening of colorectal cancer.

What are the main results? What is the future of this approach?
     The results showed clear differences between the techniques evaluated. Fly-Over had the highest lesion detection rate, with a median of 89.47%, indicating that a broader perspective perpendicular to the colon walls favours the identification of simulated marks, even in more complex anatomical areas. However, this technique involved a longer average navigation time, approximately 305.53 seconds, reflecting a trade-off between accuracy and operational efficiency.

     The Fly-Through technique achieved a slightly lower detection rate (79.47%), but stood out for its greater time efficiency, with an average time of 273.91 seconds, and was considered by participants to be the most intuitive and least disorienting approach. The Elevator technique, although conceptually promising, by aligning the virtual orientation with the user’s actual posture, recorded the least favourable overall performance, with a median detection rate of 76.84% and the longest navigation time (322.13 seconds), reflecting the challenges of the first iterations of this approach.

     The radiologists consulted emphasised that, in the clinical context, diagnostic accuracy takes priority over examination time, especially in the screening and early detection of colorectal cancer. Thus, a technique such as Fly-Over, although slower, can offer relevant clinical benefits in scenarios with high diagnostic demands.

     Regarding the future of this line of research, the study points to the development of hybrid systems that combine the efficiency of Fly-Through with the detection capability of Fly-Over, optimising spatial interaction and user comfort. Integration with artificial intelligence for assisted lesion detection is also envisaged, as well as large-scale validation with specialists and application in real training and clinical practice contexts. These results reinforce that virtual reality applied to colonography is not a futuristic scenario, but an emerging technology with concrete potential to transform diagnosis and training in medical imaging.

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